How the 2016 Presidential Candidates are Getting Their Money
With today’s technology and political funding climate, there are a variety of strategies that can be pursued to get much-needed cash into campaign coffers. If you happen to already be a billionaire, we recommend the “self-funded” approach. That’s what Donald Trump has used thus far, which has enabled him to speak his mind as well as gloat about the donations he’s made to other candidates in the past. The opposite take would be a grassroots strategy, which is employed by Bernie Sanders and Ben Carson. While they’ve raised far less in total than many other candidates, it is certainly enough to get the ball rolling. Each candidate has gotten 77% and 65% respectively of their funding from donations under $200. If you’re not a billionaire and don’t have grassroots appeal, we suggest that you start lobbying hard. Wall Street, big corporations, unions, and billionaires are a good place to start. Most candidates fit in this group. Hillary Clinton and Rick Santorum both rely heavily on maxed out individual donations of $2,700 so far in the 2016 campaign. Hillary also typically relies on big support from Wall Street banks, with Citigroup, Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, and Credit Suisse among her top all-time donors for previous campaigns. Though, in 2016, so far it is banks like Morgan Stanley and JP Morgan, along with many large law firms doing the heavy lifting. Others candidates such as Jeb Bush, Ted Cruz, Marco Rubio, and Scott Walker rely the most heavily on big donations from the usual suspects. Goldman Sachs is the largest funder of Jeb Bush, who has only raised 12% of his total funds from donations of $2,700 or less. Ted Cruz has gotten the highest percentage of $1 million+ donations, including a $15 million donation from the Wilks brothers to his super PAC. Lastly, Scott Walker has also had some support from ultra-wealthy brothers: Walker is a preferred candidate of the Koch brothers, who are planning to wield nearly $1 billion in funding in the 2016 election cycle. Original graphic by: NPR
on Even while political regimes across these countries have changed over time, they’ve largely followed a few different types of governance. Today, every country can ultimately be classified into just nine broad forms of government systems. This map by Truman Du uses information from Wikipedia to map the government systems that rule the world today.
Countries By Type of Government
It’s important to note that this map charts government systems according to each country’s legal framework. Many countries have constitutions stating their de jure or legally recognized system of government, but their de facto or realized form of governance may be quite different. Here is a list of the stated government system of UN member states and observers as of January 2023: Let’s take a closer look at some of these systems.
Monarchies
Brought back into the spotlight after the death of Queen Elizabeth II of England in September 2022, this form of government has a single ruler. They carry titles from king and queen to sultan or emperor, and their government systems can be further divided into three modern types: constitutional, semi-constitutional, and absolute. A constitutional monarchy sees the monarch act as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, giving them little to no real power. For example, King Charles III is the head of 15 Commonwealth nations including Canada and Australia. However, each has their own head of government. On the other hand, a semi-constitutional monarchy lets the monarch or ruling royal family retain substantial political powers, as is the case in Jordan and Morocco. However, their monarchs still rule the country according to a democratic constitution and in concert with other institutions. Finally, an absolute monarchy is most like the monarchies of old, where the ruler has full power over governance, with modern examples including Saudi Arabia and Vatican City.
Republics
Unlike monarchies, the people hold the power in a republic government system, directly electing representatives to form government. Again, there are multiple types of modern republic governments: presidential, semi-presidential, and parliamentary. The presidential republic could be considered a direct progression from monarchies. This system has a strong and independent chief executive with extensive powers when it comes to domestic affairs and foreign policy. An example of this is the United States, where the President is both the head of state and the head of government. In a semi-presidential republic, the president is the head of state and has some executive powers that are independent of the legislature. However, the prime minister (or chancellor or equivalent title) is the head of government, responsible to the legislature along with the cabinet. Russia is a classic example of this type of government. The last type of republic system is parliamentary. In this system, the president is a figurehead, while the head of government holds real power and is validated by and accountable to the parliament. This type of system can be seen in Germany, Italy, and India and is akin to constitutional monarchies. It’s also important to point out that some parliamentary republic systems operate slightly differently. For example in South Africa, the president is both the head of state and government, but is elected directly by the legislature. This leaves them (and their ministries) potentially subject to parliamentary confidence.
One-Party State
Many of the systems above involve multiple political parties vying to rule and govern their respective countries. In a one-party state, also called a single-party state or single-party system, only one political party has the right to form government. All other political parties are either outlawed or only allowed limited participation in elections. In this system, a country’s head of state and head of government can be executive or ceremonial but political power is constitutionally linked to a single political movement. China is the most well-known example of this government system, with the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China ruling as the de facto leader since 1989.
Provisional
The final form of government is a provisional government formed as an interim or transitional government. In this system, an emergency governmental body is created to manage political transitions after the collapse of a government, or when a new state is formed. Often these evolve into fully constitutionalized systems, but sometimes they hold power for longer than expected. Some examples of countries that are considered provisional include Libya, Burkina Faso, and Chad.
